| Small-diameter utility and process lines | 60–168 mm (2–6.6 in) | 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) | GTAW for root passes; SMAW or GMAW for fill and cap passes | 60–250 A for GTAW 90–350 A for SMAW/GMAW | Two synchronized torches for root and fill work, or two operators working on opposite sides of the joint | Single- or three-phase inverter; 60% minimum duty cycle at the intended output | Compact carriage, precise low-current control, and easy access around small pipe |
| Medium-diameter transmission and gathering lines | 168–406 mm (6.6–16 in) | 6–20 mm (0.24–0.79 in) | GTAW, GMAW, FCAW, or mechanized narrow-gap welding | 100–400 A per torch | Independent travel and wire-feed controls with adjustable torch spacing and synchronized oscillation | Three-phase power source, typically 400–600 A total system capacity, with 60–100% duty cycle | Stable travel speed, arc synchronization, and repeatable parameter storage |
| Large-diameter cross-country pipeline | 406–1,220 mm (16–48 in) | 8–25 mm (0.31–0.98 in) | Mechanized GMAW or FCAW; GTAW may be used for critical root passes | 150–450 A per torch | Two torches positioned on the same weld station or on opposite sides of the pipe, with coordinated travel control | Three-phase generator or plant power; 600–1,000 A combined capacity is commonly suitable for two-arc operation | High deposition rate, automatic seam tracking, and dependable cooling |
| Heavy-wall pipeline and high-strength steel | 610–1,420 mm (24–56 in) | 20–40 mm (0.79–1.57 in) | FCAW, GMAW, or qualified multi-pass mechanized welding procedures | 200–500 A per torch | Independent arc control, separate wire feeders, synchronized oscillation, and programmable pass sequences | Industrial three-phase system; 800–1,200 A combined capacity may be required depending on wire size and procedure | Thermal management, arc stability, procedure repeatability, and accurate heat-input control |
| Stainless steel and corrosion-resistant alloy pipe | 60–610 mm (2–24 in) | 2–20 mm (0.08–0.79 in) | GTAW with argon shielding; GMAW or FCAW for larger fill sections when qualified | 40–300 A per torch | Two GTAW torches or a GTAW root torch paired with a mechanized fill torch | High-frequency start, programmable pulse control, and 60% or higher duty cycle | Low-spatter operation, shielding-gas control, and accurate current pulsing |
| Field construction and remote locations | 168–1,220 mm (6.6–48 in) | 6–25 mm (0.24–0.98 in) | SMAW, FCAW, GMAW, or portable mechanized welding systems | 100–400 A per torch | Removable dual-torch carriage with quick-change torch mounts and independent controls | Engine-driven generator or rugged three-phase supply; select a system rated for the expected ambient temperature | Low weight, sealed controls, simple maintenance, and strong ground clearance |
| Workshop prefabrication and production spools | 60–1,420 mm (2–56 in) | 3–40 mm (0.12–1.57 in) | GMAW, FCAW, GTAW, or submerged arc welding where suitable | 100–600 A per torch | Fixed or rail-mounted dual torches with automated travel, oscillation, and pass sequencing | Stable three-phase supply with 100% duty cycle preferred for continuous production | Automation capability, production speed, data logging, and repeatable weld quality |
| Repair, tie-in, and shutdown work | 168–1,220 mm (6.6–48 in) | 6–25 mm (0.24–0.98 in) | Process selected according to the approved welding procedure and in-service restrictions | 80–350 A per torch | Independent torch enable/disable functions and fast adjustment of torch angle and spacing | Portable power source with overload protection and at least 60% duty cycle | Fast setup, precise control, access to restricted areas, and easy parameter changes |